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Analects
The collected sayings of Confucius.
dao
A prescriptive doctrine or way.
Daoism
A philosophical system, contemporary in origin with Confucianism, that places emphasis on individual rather than communal pursuit of harmony with dao.
de
Virtue, particularly as modeled in the life of the sage.
Legalism
A philosophical system, contemporary in origin with Confucianism, that called for a firm rule of law and severe punishments.
li
Convention or ritual; behavior to be followed in a particular situation.
Mencius
Confucian philosopher (c.372-289 B.C.) often thought of as the second founder of Confucianism. His teachings are contained in the Book of Mencius.
Mohism
A philosophical system, contemporary in origin with Confucianism, that taught universal love, even of enemies.
ren
The highest level of moral development, in which a person's natural inclinations are in harmony with dao.
utopia
A conception of an ideal society in which the social, political, and economic evils afflicting humankind have been eradicated and the state functions for the good and happiness of all.
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Confucianism is the philosophical system founded on the teaching of the Chinese sage Confucius (551-479 B.C.). It has been very important in China and has also influenced Japan and Korea. Confucianism combines a political theory and a theory of human nature, resulting in a prescriptive doctrine or way (dao). The political theory is based on the idea that the legitimate ruler derives authority from heaven's command, or the mandate of heaven, and is responsible for the peoples' well-being and for peace and order in the empire. In terms of human nature, humans are essentially social animals whose ways of interaction are shaped by convention or ritual (li), which prescribe proper behavior for a given situation. Sages are those who have mastered li, and from whom the mass of people learn. Leaders should, ideally, be sages, and should appoint only those who are models of virtue (de) to prominent positions. People will emulate virtuous models, so virtuous leadership results in a natural moral education. The highest level of moral development is ren, the natural inclination toward harmony with the dao. Although Confucius never wrote down his philosophy, his disciples compiled his sayings after his death and preserved them in the basic text of Confucianism, the Analects.
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Academic
Info: Religion
http://www.academicinfo.net/religindex.html
Comprehensive directory of online resources for the study of religion,
tailored to college and advanced high school students. Extensive
links to online reference material, digital archives, and societies
and organizations.
Ancient China: The Later Empire: The Sung, 960–1279
http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/CHEMPIRE/SUNG.HTM
Introductory page on the Sung dynasty, the confucian revival, and
neo-confucianism, with links to related articles. From the award-winning
World Cultures Web site, maintained by Prof. Richard Hooker at Washington
State Univ.
China the Beautiful
http://www.chinapage.com/china.html
Collection of pages on various aspects of Chinese history, culture,
arts, language, and literature. Numerous images (such as portraits
of emperors), audio files, time lines, maps, and excerpts from classical
Chinese texts. Maintained by Dr. Ming L. Pei.
Chinese Culture: Texts
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/core9/phalsall/chinbib.html
Substantial collection of Confucian, Legalist, Taoist, Buddhist,
and other Chinese texts in English translation. Bibliographical
documentation; some introductory material. Maintained by Prof. Paul
Halsall of Fordham Univ.
Chinese Philosophy: Taoism
http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/CHPHIL/TAOISM.HTM
Article on Taoism (Daoism) linked to other articles on Chinese philosophy
from the award-winning World Cultures Web site, maintained by Prof.
Richard Hooker at Washington State Univ.
Confucian Documents
http://www.sacred-texts.com/cfu/index.htm
Elecronic texts of the works of Confucius and other early religious
classics. Part of the Internet Sacred Text Archive, a Web site promoting
religious tolerance.
Confucius
http://www.confucius.org/main01.htm
The Confucius Publishing Co., Ltd., of Hong Kong offers the full
text of Confucius's 'Lun Yu' (Analects) and other Confucian documents
in 16 languages, including English. A biography of Confucius and
an image archive are also provided.
EAWC: Ancient China
http://eawc.evansville.edu/chpage.htm
A part of the Exploring Ancient World Cultures site, Ancient China
offers an anthology of primary texts, secondary essays, maps, a
chronology, and a bibliography.
Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies
/ Area Handbook Series /China
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cntoc.html
Scholarly handbook, part of the Area Handbook/Country Studies series
of the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. Provides
information (as of 2006) about the history, culture, economy, and
sociopolitical structure of China.
Maps of Asia
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/asia.html
Part of the Perry-Castaneda Library Map Collection at The University
of Texas at Austin, these pages present a large collection of political,
geographic, historical, and other maps of Asia and its countries
and regions.
Mencius
http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/CHPHIL/MENCIUS.HTM
Brief article on Mencius linked to other articles on Chinese philosophy
from the award-winning World Cultures Web site, maintained by Prof.
Richard Hooker at Washington State Univ.
Resources for the Study of East Asian Language and Thought
http://www.acmuller.net
A variety of scholarly materials for the study of Asian religion
and philosophy, including translated classics, annotated links to
online texts, and related Web sites.
Thomas More
http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/more.html
Brief profile of Thomas More, with a portrait, a time line, a list
of Internet resources, and a bibliography leading to a searchable
electronic text of 'Utopia.' Part of online materials for a history
of philosophy course at Oregon State University.
Virtual Religion Index
http://virtualreligion.net/vri/
Well-organized annotated indexes of extensive religion- and theology-related
research materials. Covers numerous Western and Eastern religious
traditions. Maintained by the Religion Department of Rutgers University.
World History Archives
http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/
A list of links to an impressive collection of resources to support the study and teaching of world history and history in general. Many of the sites listed include searchable databases.
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